Irrigant Interaction and Precipitate Formation: Chemical Stability and Clinical Implications in Endodontic Practice

Abstract

Effective root canal disinfection is critical in endodontic therapy, with irrigants playing a central role in eliminating microbial biofilms and dissolving tissue remnants. However, chemical interactions between commonly used irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine, and chelating agents can lead to the formation of precipitates that compromise canal cleanliness, affect dentinal integrity, and pose potential cytotoxic risks. This review highlights the mechanisms of irrigant interaction, factors influencing chemical stability, and the clinical implications of precipitate formation. Strategies to minimize adverse reactions, including proper irrigation sequencing and intermediate flushing protocols, are discussed. Understanding these interactions is essential for optimizing endodontic outcomes and guiding the development of safer, more effective irrigation protocols.